Kurya ibiryo bishya hamwe nubumenyi bwikirere nubutaka, uburyo bwo gutoranya, uburyo bwo gupakira, gahunda yo gupakira hamwe nogukwirakwiza no gutwara abantu (ubushyuhe nubushuhe bwubushyuhe, ibipimo byerekana imikorere ya padi yo kuryamaho hamwe nogupakira ibintu, ibikoresho bizenguruka, urwego rwumuhanda, inshuro zinyeganyega), inzira yo kugurisha nibindi bintu byose bifitanye isano.Muri byo, tekinoroji yo gupakira hamwe nibisubizo binyura murwego rwose rwo gutanga ibiryo bishya, kandi bigira uruhare runini mukubungabunga ibiryo.Tekinoroji yo gupakira - tekinoroji yo guhinduranya ikirere yahinduwe buhoro buhoro yinjira mubyerekezo rusange.
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Gupakira ikirere cyahinduwe: hindura imiterere ya gaze imbere yipaki mugusimbuza gaze, ni ukuvuga, kongera cyangwa kugabanya igipimo cyerekana igipimo cya gaze mu kirere cyimbere cyangwa ugasiba gaze, kugirango ibiryo imbere bitandukanye nibigize ikirere. . kugirango ugere ku biryo bishya Kandi kugirango wongere igihe cyo kuramba, ibice bya gaze imbere mubikoresho bipakira mubisanzwe harimo kimwe kugeza kuri bitatu.Mubyongeyeho, ubundi buryo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gupakira mubiribwa bishya - tekinoroji yo gupakira vacuum nayo yitwa decompression packaging.Mu buryo bugufi, gupakira vacuum ntabwo ari ishami ryimyuka ihindagurika yikirere, ahubwo ni mubyiciro byikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ibintu, kandi byahindutse sisitemu yigenga hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryiterambere.Nyuma yo gukuramo umwuka mubikoresho bipfunyika, imbere muri kontineri igera kuri dogere ya vacuum yagenwe, hanyuma kontineri ikinga.Ariko duhereye ku buryo bwagutse, impinduka zo mu kirere zahinduwe zirimo no gupakira vacuum.
Imyuka itatu ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gupakira ikirere
Mbere ya byose, uburyo bwo gusuzuma niba ibiryo bishya ari bishya cyangwa byangiritse mubuzima bwa buri munsi harimo "kubona, kumva no kubaza".Reba: reba ibara n'imiterere y'ibiryo;impumuro: impumuro y'ibiryo;baza: baza kubyerekeye amakuru y'ibanze y'ibiryo;gukata: kora ibiryo kugirango umenye ubunyangamugayo bwacyo.Ubu buryo bugaragara cyane muburyo bwo kugurisha no gutanga ibiryo bishya, ni ukuvuga kumenyekanisha abantu.Kubijyanye na tekinoroji yo gupakira ikirere yahinduwe, imyuka yo gusimbuza imbere harimo cyane cyane karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone, monoxyde de carbone, ogisijeni, azote, dioxyde de sulfure, hamwe n’ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi biriho byerekana ko argon zimwe zishobora gutoranywa mu buryo bukwiye ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bishya.Nyamara, imyuka itatu ikoreshwa cyane mu gusimbuza ibiryo bishya iracyari: azote, ogisijeni, na dioxyde de carbone.Ikigereranyo cyihariye cyo kwibandaho, cyaba kibana, hamwe nimirimo yibigize bitatu byose bizahinduka hamwe nibiranga physiologique yibiribwa bishya nimpamvu zishobora gutera kwangirika.
Oxygene.Muri rusange, ogisijeni ifitanye isano rya bugufi no guhumeka.Kubaho kwa ogisijeni mu gupakira ikirere bisobanura guhindura okiside y'ibiryo no kubyara mikorobe zo mu kirere, zikaba ari ibintu bibi byangiza ibiryo kandi bigomba kuvanwa mu bigize gaze.Igikorwa cyamazi Aw yibiryo yatangijwe hano.Igikorwa cyamazi gipima molekile zamazi yubusa mubiribwa, aribwo buryo bwo kubaho no kororoka kwa bagiteri na mikorobe.Igitera kwangirika kwibiryo ni reaction ya chimique, reaction enzymatique, no gukura kwa mikorobe no kororoka bibaho imbere.Kubwibyo, guhagarika ibikorwa byamazi bizagenzura neza ubwiza bwibiryo.Kubiribwa bifite ibikorwa byamazi biri munsi ya 0,88, deoxygene irashobora kwagura cyane igihe cyo kuramba;naho kubiribwa bishya bifite ibikorwa byamazi menshi, deoxygene nayo igira uruhare runini mukubungabunga ibishya.Nyamara, ogisijeni ni ikindi kibazo mu biryo by’inkoko nshya.
In Dioxyde de carbonetekinoroji yahinduwe mu kirere, dioxyde de carbone ni gaze ikomeye ikoreshwa mu kurinda ibiryo.Ifite ingaruka zikomeye zo kubuza ifu na enzymes, kandi igira ingaruka "uburozi" kuri bagiteri zo mu kirere, ariko igira ingaruka mbi kumusemburo na aspergillus itukura.Dufashe Cladomyces, Aspergillus, koroshya Penicilium, na Aspergillus nk'urugero, iyo kwibumbira hamwe kwa dioxyde de carbone bigera kuri 10%, igipimo cy'imyororokere ya bitatu bya mbere cyerekana inzira igaragara yo kumanuka;Igipimo cy’imyororokere ya Aspergillus cyari munsi ya 5%, mu gihe agaciro kamanutse ka Aspergillus kagabanutse cyane nyuma yo kwibanda ku 10%, kandi ingaruka zo kubuza kwibanda ku gipimo cy’imyororokere zari nke.
Azote.Azote ubwayo nta ngaruka zibuza gukura kwa mikorobe mu biryo byose bishya mu gupakira ikirere cyahinduwe, ni ukuvuga ko nta mirimo ifite nko kubungabunga ibishya no kurwanya antisepsis, kandi icyarimwe ntabwo byangiza ibiryo ubwabyo kandi ntibizihuta. igipimo cyacyo cyo kwangirika.Imikorere ya azote hano igaragarira mu ngingo ebyiri: 1) kugabanya byimazeyo umwuka wa ogisijeni usigaye mubice bya gaze imbere mubipakira.) Mugari, kugirango ishobore gukurura abakiriya byihuse mugikorwa cyo kugurisha, kubyara icyifuzo cyo kugura, no kugera ku ngaruka zo kuzamura ibicuruzwa.Mubyongeyeho, hari ingingo nkeya zo kongeramo: 1) Ntibishoboka ko umuntu agera kubidukikije bidafite ogisijeni rwose.2) Ingaruka za dioxyde de carbone mukubungabunga ibiryo bishya ni bike.3) Kubwibyo, uburyo nyabwo bwo gusaba gahunda yo guhindura ikirere cyahinduwe cyo gupakira ibiryo bishya akenshi bigomba guhuzwa nu ruhererekane rukonje (rushingiye kuri gaze nubushyuhe buke) kugirango bigerweho neza.
Ikoranabuhanga ryahinduwe mu buryo bwa tekinoroji
Mbere ya byose, urufunguzo rwibigize gaze ni ukubungabunga ibidukikije bifite ingufu nyinshi za dioxyde de carbone hamwe na ogisijeni nkeya (muri rusange 1% -6%).Umwuka wa ogisijeni muke urashobora kubuza guhumeka kwimbuto n'imboga bidatanga ubuhumekero bwa anaerobic (fermentation);Dioxyde de carbone yibanda cyane (muri rusange 1% -12%, epinari, inyanya kugeza kuri 20%) irashobora guhumeka neza, ariko iyo igipimo kirenze igipimo kizatera "uburozi" no kwangirika kwingirabuzimafatizo, bityo gahunda yihariye yo kugereranya biterwa n'ibiranga imbuto n'imboga.Byongeye kandi, kugabanya ubushyuhe bwububiko nabyo bifite akamaro mukugabanya umuvuduko wubuhumekero bwimbuto n'imboga, ariko muri rusange ntibigomba kuba munsi ya 0 ° C;bitabaye ibyo, ibintu byo "gukomeretsa gukomeretsa no gukonjesha gukonje" byimbuto n'imboga nabyo ni igipimo cyingenzi cyo kugenzura ubushyuhe.
Ugereranije nu muntu wakozwe, tekinoroji yahinduwe yikirere yapakiye tekinoroji ifite igipimo kinini cyo gukoresha ibidukikije.Urufunguzo ruri mu mikorere ya firime ihitamo guhumeka, irangwa no gukoresha ibintu bituzuye.Ukoresheje guhumeka imbuto n'imboga hamwe no gutoranya (inzira-ebyiri) za gaze zitandukanye na firime, ibidukikije byimbere hamwe na dioxyde de carbone hamwe na ogisijeni nkeya.Inzira yihariye: Nyuma yo gupakira birangiye, kubera guhumeka kwimbuto n'imboga, umwuka wa ogisijeni w'imbere ugabanuka kandi igipimo cya dioxyde de carbone cyiyongera, bigabanya guhumeka.Ibikurikiraho, mugihe imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone iri hejuru cyane, imikorere yo gutoranya ya firime (ubushobozi bwayo bwo gucengeza karuboni ikubye inshuro 5 kugeza 10 kurenza ubushobozi bwo gucengera ogisijeni) izinjira muri dioxyde de carbone imbere, kandi kuri kimwe igihe cyinjira mu gipimo gito cya ogisijeni yo hanze, kugirango igumane uburinganire bwibice bya gaze imbere kugirango bigere ku ngaruka nziza zo kubungabunga.Ibikoresho bya firime bikunze gukoreshwa mubipfunyika byikirere bigomba kuba bifite inzitizi nziza ya gaze hamwe nubushuhe bwamazi kugirango ibungabunge gaze nziza hamwe nibitekerezo imbere.Usibye ingingo ebyiri zavuzwe haruguru, ibisabwa mubikorwa byingenzi birimo ibintu bifunga ubushyuhe (imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe bwinshi no gufunga ubushyuhe byoroshye kugirango imbaraga zifungwe);gukumira ibyangiritse mugihe cyibikorwa);gukorera mu mucyo (ibirimo birashobora kugaragara hifashishijwe ibikoresho bya firime, bitanga serivisi zo kugenzura no kugurisha);ibindi bikorwa bisabwa (ukurikije ibiranga ibiryo bishya kugirango umenye niba ibikoresho bifite ibintu nko kurwanya amavuta no kugumana impumuro nziza).Guhitamo kwinjiza ibintu bisanzwe byahinduwe mu kirere bipfunyika hano nabyo bifitanye isano n'ubunini bwa firime n'ubushyuhe, kandi amategeko rusange ni
Mu ncamake, ibisabwa kugirango ushyire mu bikorwa uburyo bwo guhinduranya ikirere cyahinduwe:
1) Gufata imiterere nimpinduka yibiribwa bishya imbere kugirango umenye gaze hamwe nubunini;
2) Kugenzura ubushyuhe bwiza bwo kubika ibiryo;
3) Bikoreshwa mubiribwa bitandukanye bishya hamwe nibigize gaze Ibikoresho bisabwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-30-2022
